Vehicle electrical system arc detection apparatus and method

ABSTRACT

Disclosed is a vehicle which includes an electrical system monitoring system which results in detecting arcing in the electrical distribution system of the vehicle and the ability to provide notification and protection for such arcing. The system functions to monitor the electrical distribution system of the vehicle to sense the frequencies of signals in the system using appropriate filtering. One type of filtering which may be used is based upon a heterodyning circuit which provides variable frequency filtering for filtering a signal representative of the current in at least one electrical circuit of the vehicle. The heterodyning circuit output is configured to produce a signal which may be logarithmically related to the filtered signal. If the output signal exceeds a predetermined limit (representative of noise) for a predetermined period (representative of a typical arc duration), the system generates an arc signal. The arc signal may then be used to operate a circuit interrupter or an indicator in a circuit protection system or both.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates, in general, to arc fault detection and, more specifically, to arc fault detection in vehicles.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

There are various conditions that may cause an arc fault. Corroded, worn or aged wiring or insulation, insufficient contact pressure, electrical stress from repeated overloading, etc., may result in an arc fault. These conditions may damage the insulation of the wiring and create excessive heating temperatures. In general, these conditions have been found to occur in applications where vibrations and relatively high temperatures are normally present. More specifically, vehicles (e.g. automobiles, airplanes, trucks, off-road equipment, etc.) and other moving or vibrating equipment provide a harsh environment for electronics and electrical systems (direct current (D.C.) or alternating current (A.C.)).

The development of electronics and electrically powered accessories has resulted in an increase in the use of electronics and electrical power in vehicles. Examples of electronics and electrically powered accessories used in vehicles include:

electronic fuel injection or fuel control;

electronic timing control;

electronic transmission shift control;

electronic HVAC control;

electronic lighting control;

electronic braking control (e.g. anti-lock braking, traction control, slip control, etc.);

power convenience accessories (e.g. power seats, power windows, heated seats, personal lighting, heated steering wheels, power sun roof, power steering wheel tilt, power mirrors, tire inflation control, etc.);

electronic cruise control;

on-aboard navigation systems; and

air bags.

Many of the electronics and power accessories listed above are also used in aircraft and off-road vehicles (e.g. tractors, tracked vehicles, excavators, etc.). With hybrid and pure electric vehicles, the use and transmission of electrical power is multiples greater than with conventional vehicles due to the use of electricity to power the motors which propel the vehicles.

As a result of the substantial increase in use of electronics and electrical power accessories in vehicles, and the use of electric motors to propel vehicles, the potential for arc faults in the electrical systems of vehicles has also increased. As discussed above, such arcing can damage wiring and electronics or, cause unwanted heating. Thus, it would be desirable to provide a system for detecting and controlling arc faults in vehicle electrical systems.

Detection and control of arc faults is relatively complicated. For example, the occurrence of an arc fault in one branch circuit of a power distribution system of a vehicle may generate a false arc detection signal in another branch circuit. As a result, circuit breakers or interrupters in more than one branch circuit may erroneously trip. Relatively noisy loads within the vehicle, such as electric motors (engine fan, heater fan, power seat motors, etc.) can create high frequency disturbances, which may appear to be arc faults and cause unwanted circuit breaker tripping. Similarly, external high frequency disturbances within the vehicle's operative environment also may appear to be arc vaults and cause unwarranted circuit tripping.

There are two types of arc faults that may occur in a vehicle. A first type is a high-energy arc that may be related to high current faults; a second type is a low current arc that may be related to the formation of a carbonized path between conductors. The first type may result from an inadvertent connection between a line conductor and neutral conductor or a line conductor and ground. The first type may draw current that is above the rated capacity of the circuit, arcing as the conductors are physically joined.

The other type of arc fault, the carbonization between electrical conductors, may be considered more problematic. Since the current in the arc may be limited to less than the trip rating of an associated circuit breaker or interrupter, such arcs may become persistent without observation and may result in certain conditions. Contact arcs may be caused by springs in switches that become worn which, in turn, may reduce the forces that hold electrical contacts together. As the electrical contacts heat and cool down, the conductors may touch and separate repeatedly, thereby possibly creating arcs known as “sputtering arcs.” Such sputtering arcs can create carbonized paths resulting in persistent low current arcs in the electrical system.

Contact arcs or sputtering arcs may also be observed in contacts which are made from different materials. For example, aluminum wiring which contacts copper wiring may oxidize at the contact points. In this case a non-conductive layer may build up over time between the contact points and arcing may result.

In view of the potential for arc faults in vehicles, it would be desirable to provide vehicles with arc fault detection.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One embodiment of the present invention provides a motor vehicle comprising an engine, a transmission coupled to the engine for transferring mechanical energy to at least one wheel of the vehicle and an electric power source coupled to the engine to generate electrical energy. An electrical energy storage device is coupled to the electrical power source to store generated electrical energy. At least one electrical load having a function, wherein the load requires electrical energy to accomplish the function and an electrical distribution system configured to couple the electrical load to at least one of the electrical energy storage devices and the electric power source. A circuit protection system is coupled to the electrical distribution system and an electrical arc detection circuit is coupled to the circuit protection system and configured to monitor the electrical energy and generate an arc signal representative of an electrical arc when the detection circuit detects an electrical arc. The electrical detection system includes a superheterodyne circuit configured to monitor the electrical system. An oscillator circuit is configured to generate an oscillator frequency which cycles between a low frequency and a high frequency, with the oscillator circuit coupled to the superheterodyne circuit. A comparator circuit configured to eliminate background and sperious noise, the comparator circuit is coupled to the superheterodyne circuit and a referenced voltage terminal. An arc timing monitor circuit is configured to monitor time of the arcing fault based on a signal from the comparator circuit. A compensating circuit is configured to compensate for arcing drop-outs when the signal from the arc timings monitor circuit is received by the compensating circuit. An accumulating circuit is configured to receive the signal from the compensating circuit and generate a further signal indicative of the arc fault if a predetermined time period is exceeded. A trip signal generation circuit is configured to receive the further signal from the cumulating circuit and generate an arc signal to operate the circuit protection system.

Another embodiment of the present invention provides a vehicle having a propulsion device for propelling the vehicle, at least one of a motor and engine coupled to the propulsion device to provide power thereto, at least one electrical storage device and at least one electrical load having a function, wherein, the load requires electrical energy to accomplish the function. A D.C. electrical distribution system configured to couple the electrical load to the electrical storage device is also provided in the vehicle. The circuit protection system coupled to the electrical distribution system is provided and an electrical arc detection circuit coupled to the circuit protection system and configured to monitor the electrical energy and generate an arc signal when the electrical energy generates a signal representative of an electrical arc. The electrical detection system includes a superheterodyne circuit configured to monitor the electrical system. An oscillator circuit is configured to generate an oscillator frequency which cycles between a low frequency and a high frequency, with the oscillator circuit coupled to the superheterodyne circuit. A comparator circuit configured to eliminate background and spurious noise, the comparator circuit is coupled to the superheterodyne circuit and a referenced voltage terminal. An arc timing monitor circuit is configured to monitor time of the arcing fault based on a signal from the comparator circuit. A compensating circuit is configured to compensate for arcing drop-outs when the signal from the arc timings monitor circuit is received by the compensating circuit. An accumulating circuit is configured to receive the signal from the compensating circuit and generate a further signal indicative of the arc fault if a predetermined time period is exceeded. A trip signal generation circuit is configured to receive the further signal from the cumulating circuit and generate an arc signal to operate the circuit protection system. Another embodiment provides a circuit protection system that includes one of a circuit interrupter and an indicator.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram representation of a vehicle including an embodiment of an arc detection circuit.

FIG. 2 is a detailed circuit diagram of an exemplary embodiment of an arc detection circuit.

FIG. 3 is a detailed circuit diagram of a simulated arc generation circuit.

FIG. 4 is a detailed circuit diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a DC arc detection circuit.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram representation of a vehicle 10 whether land, air or sea based. Vehicle 10 includes a D.C. energy storage power source 12 (e.g., a battery), an A.C. or D.C. power source 14 (e.g. a generator or alternator driven by engine 16, a fuel cell, or photovoltaic device such as a solar cell array), a motor engine 16, engine controls 18, heating, ventilating and air conditioning system 20 (HVAC), lighting 22, traction and braking system controls 24, a braking system 26, an application function control A 28, and an application specific function control B 30. If the vehicle is a land based vehicle such as an automobile, truck or off-road equipment (e.g. tractor, excavator, tracked vehicle or construction equipment), the vehicle could also include electronic transmission controls 32, a transmission 34, and typically at least one driven wheel 36 and may include an implement 37. The implement 37 can be, for example, a spindle coupled to the motor 16 for spinning a material against a tool for shaping the material, or a movable arm coupled to the motor 16 to move materials in a predetermined manner such as a crane or a backhoe.

In general, in land based vehicle 10, motor engine 16 is mechanically coupled to transmission 34 which is mechanically coupled to at least one drive wheel 36. In operation the mechanical energy from engine 16 is transmitted through transmission 34 which controls the direction and speed of wheel 36 relative to engine speed 16. In most modern vehicles such as automobiles, engine 16 is controlled by electronic engine controls 18. Such controls 18 typically control electronic fuel injection, electronic timing and, in some cases, electronic engine valves. In most modern vehicles such as automobiles, high powered tractors and off-road equipment, electronic transmission controls 32 control the shifting of transmission 34 based upon parameters such as engine speed signals from electronic engine control 18, and signals from the electronic braking and traction control systems 24.

The HVAC system 20 typically includes temperature controls and air movement fans. Lighting system 22 typically includes the vehicle lighting and the appropriate lighting controls which vary substantially from vehicle to vehicle. More specifically, in addition to the primary vehicle lighting provided to permit vehicle operation in the dark, many vehicles include interior lighting systems for instruments and compartment lighting.

Referring to traction and braking system controls 24, these controls are coupled to the braking system 26 and, as discussed briefly above, to transmission control 32. Traction control systems are generally known and operate to pulse the brakes on various wheels of a vehicle to redirect power flow through the vehicle differentials to limit the application of power to a wheel spinning at a rate high relative to the other powered wheel(s) of the vehicle. The braking system control in most modern vehicles is commonly referred to as an antilock braking system and operates to relieve pressure on the brakes when the system determines that the wheel associated with a particular brake is sliding relative to the surface upon which the vehicle is traveling.

FIG. 1 includes two application function controls 28 and 30. However, depending upon on the vehicle, this number may vary. One example of an application specific function control would be the electronics and control system for an onboard navigation system 38. Another example of an application specific function control would be the control for the vehicle air bags 40. Other examples of systems which may require applications specific function controls include power seats, power windows, heated seats, personal lighting, heated steering wheels, power sun roofs, power steering wheel tilt, power mirrors, tire inflation control, off-road vehicle slip control, electronic cruise control, etc.

In vehicles including substantial numbers of the electronic controls and electrically powered accessories such as those discussed above, all of these controls require power from a power source such as D.C. power source 12 which in most vehicles is a storage battery which in turn today is charged by A.C. power source 14 that is typically an alternator and appropriate voltage regulator and rectification system. Alternatively, a D.C. generator can be used to charge the battery. As vehicle electronics and wiring systems become more complicated, a range of circuit protection 42 is provided. Many circuits in vehicles are currently protected by passive circuit protection such as fuses which are responsive to a very limited type of circuit fault. These limited types of circuit fault are short circuit and overload.

One of the problems with having a limited range of circuit protection is the absence of protection for circuits when arcing is occurring within the electrical system. Such arcing can create noise within the system which can interfere with sensitive electronics and, more dangerously, can create fire within the vehicle. Accordingly, circuit protection 42 includes a circuit interrupter 48, such as for example, controllable mechanical or semiconductor circuit interrupters and fuses for interrupting the application of D.C. power to the vehicle electronics. In particular, power source 12 is coupled to engine controls 18, transmission control 32, HVAC system 20, lighting 22, traction control and braking system controls 24, application specific function control A 28 and application specific function control B 30 with circuit protection system 42. In operation, circuit protection system 42 can interrupt power supplied to the various electronics via electrical distribution system 41 power conductors 18A, 32A, 20A, 22A, 24A, 28A and 30A.

In some applications, the circuit protection system 42 includes an indicator 49 that enunciates an arcing event in the one or more specific functions in the vehicle electronic system. Specific functions, such as electronic braking or window motors, should not have power cut-off, notwithstanding arcing. In such instances when the arc detection circuit 44 detects an arcing event, an arc signal is sent to the circuit protection system 42 which in turn activates the indicator 49. The indicator 49 can be a visual display that may comprise a warning light, an audible signal, including a message, tone or noise or a tactile indicator such as a vibrating surface in contact with the system operator. The indicator 49 can be located within the vicinity of the operator of the vehicle 10 or machine having the arc detection circuit 44 to alert the operator to the arcing event with the operator then taking appropriate action. Thus, at the option of the arc detection system designer, the circuit protection system 42 can be configured to enunciate an arcing event, interrupt electrical power supply or both.

To protect against arcing within the vehicle electronic system an arc detection circuit 44 is provided. In particular, an arc detection circuit 44 is configured to detect signals generated within one or more conductors 18A, 32A, 20A, 22A, 24A, 28A or 30A which are representative of arcing within the electrical circuits, electronics and electrical equipment associated with these circuits. In simpler systems, arc detection circuit 44 may only monitor the power conductor from source 12. Of course, the specific monitoring scheme can be varied depending upon cost constraints, detection accuracy requirements, reliability requirements, etc.

In operation, arc detection circuit 44 monitors the conductors to determine if arcing is present. If an arcing event is present, circuit 44 provides an arc signal to the circuit protection system 42 along signal conductor 46 to activate an indicator 49 to notify the system operator, or the circuit interrupter 48, which then will trip one or more of the circuit breakers or circuit interrupters associated with the conductors to provide power from power source 12 to the respective controls and electrical equipment or both. Signal conductor 46 may include one or more signal conductors depending upon a number of conductors being monitored for arcing.

Depending upon the vehicle and electronics being provided power, circuit protection system 42 may include indicators 49 and circuit interrupters 48 such as electronically controlled circuit breakers or appropriate semiconductor switches which can be controlled (opened or closed) based upon a signal from arc detection circuit 44.

Vehicle 10 was described above as a land based vehicle. However, vehicle 10 could be any other type of vehicle including an airplane, jet, boat, etc. Depending upon the type of vehicle, the engine may be a piston engine or turbine engine and may be fueled by gasoline, diesel fuel, natural gas, etc. In the case of an airplane or jet, vehicle 10 would not include a transmission 34 or transmission controls 32. Rather, propulsion of the vehicle would be generated directly from turbine(s) or propeller(s) coupled to the engine(s) 16. The operating frequency of the electrical distribution system 41 in the vehicle 10 may vary, for example, in a land vehicle the operating power frequency is typically direct current, while in aircraft or water craft the operating power frequency is typically a nominal 400 Hz.

The use of vehicle electronics and electrically powered components has increased and continues to increase in vehicles. These increases in vehicle electronics has resulted in substantial rises in currents in conventional automotive powered systems which have typically a range of 12-14 volts. As a result, it is likely that battery voltages will be increased to voltages above 12 volts (e.g. range of 36 volts to 42 volts nominal). Currently, most over-the-road semi-trucks include 24 volt systems and aircraft include AC voltage systems for example nominal 24 volts AC. These increased voltages will also increase the potential for arcing due to the fact that increased voltages permit arcing to occur over larger air gaps.

Notwithstanding the range of voltages mentioned, the detection techniques described herein are not voltage sensitive. The technique for AC circuits applies for all AC voltages and likewise, the technique for DC circuits applies to all DC voltages.

Referring now to FIG. 2, FIG. 2 is a detailed circuit diagram of arc detection circuit 44. In general, arc detection circuit 44 includes an oscillator 50, a heterodyning chip 52 such as chip number SA626 manufactured by Phillips Semiconductor, a power source 54, a level comparator circuit 56, and arc time monitoring circuit 58, one shot circuit 60, a time accumulating circuit 62, and a trip signal generation circuit 64. Oscillator 50 is coupled to the oscillator inputs OSE-E and OSC-B of heterodyning chip 52. In general, oscillator 50 is configured to generate an oscillator frequency which cycles between a low frequency and a high frequency. Ideally, this frequency range would be as broad as possible if it were not cost and component restrained. Some applications may permit costs which would support a range of 20.0 to 40.0 megahertz, and the circuitry shown in FIG. 2 provides an oscillator which generates oscillator frequencies which cycle from 30.0 to 35.0 megahertz wherein the oscillator cycles from the low to the high oscillator frequency in less than one millisecond.

Power supply 54 is a D.C. power supply which supplies three (3) volts to circuit 52 as shown in FIG. 2. This power supply is connected to the D.C. power source 12, but could be configured for connection to A.C. power source 14.

Circuit 52 monitors an electrical circuit (i.e. voltage or current) at the RF_(in) and RF_(out) pins. Depending upon the application these pins are coupled to the positive and/or negative conductors in the circuit. The particular configuration shown in FIG. 2 is for connection to an A.C. system with the conductors of the system being connected at RF_(in) and RF_(out) of chip 52. Chip 52 is also coupled as shown to two 10.7 megahertz filters 80 and 82. These filters were selected based upon the frequencies which are permitted for RF circuit use by the U.S. Government. However, depending upon future availability or uses for the circuit, these filters may be changed to filter at other center frequencies. Chip 52 is wired as shown in FIG. 2 so that chip 52 operates to subtract the frequency of the signal input at RF_(in) and RF_(out) from the frequency of oscillator 50, and filter the difference in these frequencies at 10.7 megahertz. The result is that circuit 52 provides a variable frequency filter.

An analysis of arcing in both A.C. and D.C. circuits shows that arcing generates relatively high amplitude signals across a very large range of frequencies including at least 20.0 through 40.0 megahertz. Accordingly, since oscillator 50 oscillates between 30.0 and 35.0 megahertz, chip 52 will generate a continuously high signal at the RSSI output throughout the oscillation of oscillator 50 when arcing is occurring in the system coupled to the RF input 51 of chip 52. However, when chip 52 merely detects signals which exist at selected frequencies between 30.0 and 35.0 megahertz, chip 52 will only generate spikes or pulses at the RSSI outputs.

Circuit 52 provides logarithymic amplification to the filtered difference between the oscillator 50 signal and the signal applied to RF_(in) and RF_(out). By way of example, this signal generated at RSSI is set to be within a range of 0 to 1 volts wherein that voltage is an indication of the decibel level of the input signal RF_(in).

The signal at RSSI is applied to comparator circuit 56. Circuit 56 includes a comparator 66 and reference voltage terminals 68. In operation, comparator circuit 56 changes output state (e.g. goes high) only if a voltage generated by circuit 52 exceeds the predetermined voltage reference set at terminal 68. The purpose of comparator circuit 56 is to eliminate the effects of background and spurious noise on arc detection. If the signal generated at the RSSI output is greater than the reference signal 68 the output of comparator 66 is set high (i.e. changes state from the normal state representative of no arcing to a state representative of arcing). The signal at the output of comparator 66 is applied to time monitoring circuit 58.

Time monitoring circuit 58 operates to determine if the time the output of comparator 66 is high is indicative of the time period (e.g. milliseconds or more) of a typical arcing event. If the time period is sufficient, then time monitoring circuit 58 applies a signal to one shot circuit 60 which compensates for the extinguishing of an arc when the voltage of the monitored A.C. power goes through the zero crossing. The purpose of the mono-stable multi-vibrator circuit (60) also generally known as a one-shot circuit, is to count the number of arcing half-cycles in an AC wave form.

The signal from one shot circuit 60 is applied to accumulating circuit 62 which determines if there has been arcing for at least a predetermined number of half cycles (e.g. three) of the A.C. system being monitored for arcing. If arcing exists for a predetermined number of half cycles, a signal is applied by circuit 62 to trip circuit 64 which outputs a trip signal on conductor 46 to operate a circuit interrupter such as a circuit breaker or provide a signal to operate an indictor 49.

The components of the vehicle described in reference to FIG. 1 would normally require D.C. electrical power. The detection circuit of FIG. 2 is configured for an A.C. system and is readily converted into arc detection circuit for a D.C. electrical system. In particular, to convert the circuit of FIG. 2 to an arc detection circuit for a D.C. electrical system, a 1.0 k resistor 141 is inserted at the output of comparator 66, and capacitor 150 and diode 156 of one-shot circuit 60 are removed and replaced by a direct connection between the output of comparator 146 and the negative input of comparator 164. The three associated resistors 152, 154, and 158 of one shot circuit 60 are removed as well as resistor 148. It should be understood that “removed” as used herein may mean simply disconnecting the appropriate lead in the circuit. An exemplary embodiment of a DC circuit is illustrated in FIG. 4. The purpose of this change is to compensate the lack of zero crossings in D.C. circuits. Arcing drop outs compensated for typically have variable durations, for example 0.5 millisecond or 1.0 millisecond.

To monitor the desired electrical circuit either current transformers (CT) or shunts can be used as appropriate to couple the RF inputs of chip 52 to the circuit to be monitored. Depending upon the application and type of loads on electrical circuits either a CT or shunt and the respective configuration thereof would be chosen. For example, for A.C. and D.C. applications it is desirable to eliminate fundamental A.C. or D.C. current signals. Since the frequency range of interest for the circuit shown in FIG. 2 is between 30.0 and 35.0 megahertz, the core of a CT would be a low permeability core. Such low permeability core provides relatively good immunity from noise signals in the kilohertz range.

Referring to FIG. 3, FIG. 3 illustrates a test circuit 70 including a contact switch having contacts 72 and an output terminal 74 which is coupled to ground wherein the conductor 76 from transistor 78 passes through system CT. In operation, when contacts 72 are brought into contact, circuit 70 generates a signal which simulates arcing through conductor 76 which is then monitored by the current transformer associated with the A.C. arc detection circuit of FIG. 2 or the D.C. arc detention circuit of FIG. 4 discussed above.

The following is a table listing all of the components set out in FIGS. 2, 3 and 4 and their associated reference numbers, component types and values or part references as applicable.

Component Value or Reference No. Component Type Part Reference 52 Heterodyning SA626 Circuit 66 Comparator LM2901 78 Transistor 2N3904 80 10.7 MH_(z) Filter SFECA10.7MAS 82 10.7 MH_(z) Filter SFECA10.7MAS 84 Capacitor 0.1 μF 86 Resistor 5.49 k ohms 88 Resistor 3.74 k ohms 90 Comparator LM2904 92 Resistor 66.5 k ohms 94 Resistor 22.1 k ohms 96 Resistor 33.2 k ohms 98 Capacitor 0.074 μF 100 Operational LM2904 Amplifier 102 Resistor 51 k ohms 104 Diode MV 7005 106 Capacitor 68 pF 108 Capacitor 39 pF 110 Inductor 33 nH 112 Capacitor 39 pF 114 Resistor 22.1 k ohms 116 Capacitor 39 pF 118 Capacitor 1000 pF 120 Capacitor 1000 pF 122 Capacitor 1000 pF 124 Capacitor 1000 pF 126 Capacitor 1000 pF 128 Capacitor 0.1 μF 130 Resistor 4.99 k ohms 132 Resistor 4.02 k ohms 136 Resistor 2.3 k ohms 138 Resistor 86.6 k ohms 140 Capacitor 0.033 μF 141 Resistor 1.0 k ohms 142 Resistor 11.3 k ohms 144 Resistor 33.2 k ohms 146 Operational LM2901 Amplifier 148 Resistor 20 k ohms 150 Capacitor .011 μF 152 Resistor 60 k ohms 154 Resistor 60 k ohms 156 Diode 1N4148 158 Resistor 60 k ohms 160 Resistor 5 k ohms 162 Resistor 20 k ohms 164 Operational LM2901 Amplifier 166 Resistor 20 k ohms 168 Transistor 2N3904 170 Resistor 42 k ohms 172 Resistor 9 k ohms 174 Capacitor 0.1 μF 176 Resistor 150 k ohms 178 Resistor 150 k ohms 180 Resistor 20 k ohms 182 Transistor 2N3904 184 Resistor 10 k ohms 186 Operational LM2901 Amplifier 188 Resistor 20 k ohms 190 Capacitor 0.01 μF 192 Resistor 10 k ohms 194 Transistor 2N3904 196 Resistor 8 k ohms 198 Resistor 10 k ohms 200 Capacitor 0.01 μF 202 SCR EC103D 204 Capacitor 0.1 μF 206 Voltage Regulator LM317 208 Resistor 20 k ohms 210 Resistor 150 k ohms 212 Resistor 48 k ohms 214 Resistor 10 k ohms 216 Transistor 2N3904 218 Resistor 1 k ohms 219 Capacitor 0.1 μF 220 Capacitor 0.01 μF 222 Transistor 2N3904 224 Transistor 2N3904 226 Resistor 68 k ohms 228 Resistor 510 k ohms 230 Capacitor 1.2 nF 232 Transistor 2N3904

While two embodiments and multiple applications for the arc detection system have been disclosed and described in detail, various other modifications could be considered within the scope of the invention. For example, it is contemplated that the A.C. or D.C. arc detection would be usable in vibrating equipment such as machine tools, robots, and other manufacturing equipment. By way of another example, the center filter frequency of 10.7 megahertz may be modified depending upon frequencies made available by the Government in the future and the particular application for the arc detection. Furthermore, depending upon component availability and cost the frequency range and cycling frequency of oscillator circuit 50 may be modified to suit particular applications, cost constraints and component availability. Still furthermore, it is contemplated that all or a portion of the circuitry disclosed may be embodied on a single chip, and further modifications may include multiple channels of arc detection. These modifications and other applications are intended to be covered in the scope of the appended claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A motor vehicle comprising: an engine; a transmission coupled to the engine for transferring mechanical energy to at least one wheel of the vehicle; an electric power source coupled to the engine to generate electrical energy; an electrical energy storage device coupled to the electrical power source to store generated electrical energy; at least one electrical load having a function, wherein the load requires electrical energy to accomplish the function; an electrical distribution system including and electrical conductor configured to couple the electrical load to at least one of the electrical energy storage device and the electric power source; a circuit protection system coupled to the electrical distribution system; and, an electrical arc detection circuit coupled to the circuit protection system including a current transformer coupled to the electrical conductor and the arc detection circuit configured to monitor the electrical energy and generated an arc signal representative of an electrical arc when the detection circuit detects an electrical arc, wherein the electrical detection system includes: a superheterodyne circuit configured to monitor the electrical system; an oscillator circuit configured to generate an oscillator frequency which cycles between a low frequency and a high frequency, with the oscillator circuit coupled to the superheterodyne circuit; a comparator circuit configured to eliminate background and spurious noise, the comparator circuit coupled to the superheterodyne circuit and a reference voltage terminal; an arc timing monitor circuit configured to monitor time of the arcing fault based on signal from the comparator circuit; a compensating circuit configured to compensate for arcing drop outs when signal from the arc timing monitor circuit is received by the compensating circuit; an accumulating circuit configured to receive the signal from the compensating circuit and generate a further signal indicative of the arc fault if a predetermined time period is exceeded; and, a trip signal generation circuit configured to receive the further signal from the accumulating circuit and generate an arc signal to operate the circuit protection system.
 2. The motor vehicle of claim 1, wherein the circuit protection system includes one of a circuit interrupter and an indicator.
 3. The motor vehicle of claim 2, wherein the circuit protection system is configured to interrupt application of electrical energy from at least one of the electrical storage device and the electrical power source in response to the arc signal.
 4. The motor vehicle of claim 2, wherein the circuit protection system is configured to signal an arcing event with one of a group including, a display, a light, an audible message, an audible tone, an audible noise and a tactile indicator.
 5. The motor vehicle of claim 1, wherein the electrical load requires electrical energy provided at a relatively constant voltage.
 6. The motor vehicle of claim 5, wherein the voltage is in the range of 12-14 volts.
 7. The motor vehicle of claim 5, wherein the voltage is in the range of 36-42 volts.
 8. The motor vehicle of claim 5, wherein the engine includes a fuel injection system and the electrical load is generated by the fuel injection system.
 9. The motor vehicle of claim 5, wherein the transmission includes an electronic control and the electrical load is generated by the electronic control.
 10. The motor vehicle of claim 9, further comprising at least one air bag system operable in response to a predetermined type of collision by the vehicle and electrical energy supplied by the electrical energy storage device.
 11. The motor vehicle of claim 1, wherein, the detection circuit includes a shunt circuit coupled to the electrical conductor.
 12. The motor vehicle of claim 11, wherein the electrical load requires electrical energy provided at a relatively constant voltage.
 13. The motor vehicle of claim 12, wherein the engine includes a fuel injection system and the electrical load is generated by the fuel injection system.
 14. The motor vehicle of claim 13, wherein the transmission includes an electronic control and the electrical load is generated by the electronic control.
 15. The motor vehicle of claim 13, wherein the electrical load is vehicle lighting.
 16. The motor vehicle of claim 13, further comprising at least one air bag system operable in response to a predetermined type of collision by the vehicle and electrical energy supplied by the electrical energy storage device.
 17. The motor vehicle of claim 1, wherein the vehicle is an automobile.
 18. A vehicle comprising; a propulsion device for propelling the vehicle; at least one of a motor and engine coupled to the propulsion device to provide power thereto; at least one electrical storage device; at least one electrical load having a function, wherein the load requires electrical energy to accomplish the function; a D.C. electrical distribution system configured to couple the electrical load to the electrical storage device; a circuit protection system coupled to the electrical distribution system; and an electrical arc detection circuit coupled to the circuit protection system and configured to monitor the electrical energy and generate an arc signal when the electrical energy generates a signal representative of an electrical arc, wherein the electrical detection system includes: a superheterodyne circuit configured to monitor the electrical distribution system; an oscillator circuit configured to generate an oscillator frequency which cycles between a low frequency and a high frequency, with the oscillator circuit coupled to the superheterodyne circuit; a comparator circuit configured to eliminate background and spurious noise, the comparator circuit coupled to the superheterodyne circuit and a reference voltage terminal; an arc timing monitor circuit configured to monitor time of the arcing fault based on signal from the comparator circuit; a compensating circuit configured to compensate for arcing drop outs when signal from the arc timing monitor circuit is received by the compensating circuit; n accumulating circuit configured to receive the signal from the compensating circuit and generate a further signal indicative of the arc fault if a predetermined time period is exceeded; and, a trip signal generation circuit configured to receive the further signal from the accumulating circuit and generate an arc signal to operate the circuit protection system.
 19. The vehicle of claim 18, wherein the circuit protection system includes one of a circuit interrupter and an indicator.
 20. The vehicle of claim 19, wherein the circuit protection system is configured to interrupt application of electrical energy from one of the electrical storage device and the electrical power source in response to the arc signal.
 21. The vehicle of claim 19, wherein the circuit protection system is configured to signal an arcing event with one of a group including, a display, a light, an audible message, an audible tone, an audible noise and a tactile indicator.
 22. The vehicle of claim 19, wherein the propulsion device is at least one wheel coupled to a transmission and the motor is coupled to the transmission, the motor being an internal combustion engine.
 23. The vehicle of claim 19, wherein the propulsion device is one of a propeller and a turbine blade.
 24. The vehicle of claim 23, wherein the electrical load requires electrical energy provided at a nominal 24 volts AC.
 25. The vehicle of claim 19, wherein the means for propelling is at least one wheel, and the motor is an electrical motor coupled to the wheel.
 26. The vehicle of claim 19, further comprising an electrical conductor of the electrical distribution system which couples the electrical load to the electrical storage device, and the detection circuit includes a current transformer coupled to the electrical conductor.
 27. The vehicle of claim 19, further comprising an electrical conductor of the electrical distribution system which couples the electrical load to the electrical storage device, and the detection circuit includes a shunt circuit coupled to the electrical conductor.
 28. The motor vehicle of claim 27, wherein the electrical load requires electrical energy provided at a relatively constant voltage.
 29. The motor vehicle of claim 28, wherein the voltage is in the range of 12-14 volts.
 30. The motor vehicle of claim 28, wherein the voltage is in the range of 36-42 volts.
 31. The vehicle of claim 18, wherein the vehicle is an automobile.
 32. The vehicle of claim 18, wherein the electrical storage device is a battery. 